Investigation the environmental Impacts of Material and Process Selection in Plastic Component Design
Cicerone R. J. Nurse S. P
Abstract
With the growing advancements in automotive technologies, there has been more concentration on sustainability and safety issues of vehicles design. The selection of best material and manufacturing processes for automotive components design is at the head of the currently applied procedures throughout the design process. Users of vehicles around the world are highly concerned about greenhouse gases, global warming and environment; so that the automotive industry has had to design and manufacture more ‘eco-friendly’ vehicles, cutting down on waste and present saving resources. The majority of world’s governments have implemented various environmental legislations, comprising “EU Regulation No 443/2009” which aimed to provide 130 grams per kilometer of CO2 emissions in average for modern passenger vehicles. This amount is intended to be achieved in the years between 2012 and 2015 while this value is also intended to be reduced by 95 grams per kilometer in 2021
Basically, the completed vehicle design must be lighter in weight and more fuel efficient compared to traditional vehicle and this can be obtained through selecting suitable material for automotive components. Furthermore, the utilized amount of energy to manufacture the vehicles and the amount of left waste from their manufacturing must be minimized to have a more environmentally helpful product. This can be attained through utilizing suitable manufacturing processes in addition to make knowledgeable decisions related to the vehicle components’ supply chain. In general, automotive industry focused o a achieving an environmentally aware manufacturing through examining the life-cycle of their designed products and enhancing the fundamentals of manufacturing and materials selection process.
The majority of the published literatures in automotive components concentrated on the environmental effects on metal-based components so that there is a knowledge gap in examining the environmental effect of automotive plastic components which can be achieved through analyzing material and manufacturing processes selection at the design stage. This project will concentrate on plastic component effects through developing a method for decision making in designing plastic products. Through making a decision; a suitable material and suitable manufacturing process should be selected in a way that satisfy the requirements for carbon footprint reduction, air acidification reduction, water eutrophication reduction and total energy consumption reduction.
Ultra Light Weight Electric Vehicles- Materials Selection Using Fuzzy VIKOR method
Andrew, C Yan, C Lew, Y
Abstract
This study concentrated on analyzing how to select the best procedure for material selection in automotive industry. The method of “Fuzzy VIKOR” was utilized to estimate an alternate material to be used for a device panel. The key target was to discover a rational technique to choose the most appropriate material for a certain application according to predefined material parameters and the demands of the application. They were also taken into account the Environmental impacts for different four alternate materials and comparing them. As a result, they discovered that polypropylene can be considered as best material alternative for the intended device panel
Lndi, j Mark, W Quin, N
Abstract
This paper analyzed the “environmental performance indicators” (EPIs) and utilized the currently developed EU EMAS regulation, ISO standard and ISO 14031 to illustrate how can they utilize in a brewery. Also, this research presented in details the way at which companies can react with the novel standards and how it varied from the preceding regulations. The concentrated on showing how automotive industries should implement EPIs to achieve success. In their study, they proposed that industries must have more than average environmental targets and must take into account environmental impacts throughout the whole products life cycle stages. A summery for the various procedures that can be implemented by companies to achieve sustainability. They examined the design for X, material selection, light-weight engineering and end-of-life researches. They illustrated the currently developed sustainability models for automotive industry, comprising Asian auto-makers, Volvo and Ford models.
Lami k Wanky M
Abstract
In this research, the green energy basic sources discussed to view benefits obtained and obstacles face their development. Conventional electrical power generation methods relying upon fossil fuels had become costly due to noticeable shortage is its resources. In addition, fossil fuels combustion process produce toxic emissions that effect harmfully on the environment leading to climate change occurrence and other unfavourable consequences. Solar energy is the most abundant energy source, a proper installation of a solar plant in a suitable location near to equator would generate huge amount of electrical power. Both the advantages and disadvantages of the solar energy discussed aiming to ease the optimum selection and design of a solar power plant. Wind energy general overview mentioned to provide a complete understanding of the wind energy and how a wind turbine convert the kinetic energy into mechanical one. The mechanical power generated is then converted into electrical power using a generator. Commonly, the high initial cost of the solar and/or wind power plant is higher than the energy production obtained from fossil fuels. Kuwait’s green energy production and concern had been discussed, charts and surveys view the significant development provided in this field. Although Kuwait considered being one of the most important crude oil exporters, it provides all abilities to studies and researches on this field. A hybrid solar-wind system that could energize a standalone load or connected to the national grid had been discussed, it is an engineering solution to obtain advantages of the solar and wind plants accompanied with a significant decrease in disadvantages. A hybrid system provide higher productivity and reliability if compared with any other renewable energy plant. Locations and operating conditions should be optimized and selected perfectly to avoid wasting budgets on ineffective plants.
Tarsi, W Wu, J Chye, N
Abstract
Seeking for clean energy, the solar-wind power plants provide the highest level of reliability and productivity. A hybrid solar-wind power plant offers a unique stable output during the year as the low productivity of solar panels in winter will evaluated by the high productivity of wind turbines and vice versa. Similarly, during the day, the estimated output of solar panels at night is zero while the output of wind turbines expected to reach its peak. The electrical power generated from both plants are completely clean, which means zero emissions released during the generation process. Researchers provide all attention to green energy that effect positively on the solar and wind energy expected output, performance, and economy
On the other hand, a hybrid solar-wind system would not ensure the positioning reliability of solar plants as it is available to install a solar power plant even above roofs but it is not allowed for wind turbines. The price fluctuation in both the wind and solar power plants requires studying the hybrid selection accurately and carefully; if any of them would not be effective, economic benefits exist. In fact, the solar panels manufacturing process is not 100% clean, toxic emissions released significantly during solar panels’ production. Batteries existence raise the initial cost significantly, in case of feeding a standalone system consequently, connecting the hybrid system to the national grid is preferred to obtain higher economic benefits. In fact, periodic maintenance and visualization for both the wind turbines and solar panels are required respectively to ensure a peak output and eliminate the energy loss existence
The mechanical friction existence in gearbox of the wind turbines should be considered as one of the main disadvantages, the DC/AC current conversion losses should be considered as well. It is essential to consider that integrated wind and solar plants require special locations and conditions to perform perfectly. Solar power is available virtually anywhere, while the wind energy is not available like solar. As a rule of thumb, a wind power system considered being feasible in case of the capacity factor is greater than 20%. Otherwise, the investment may increase unnecessarily with little or no added benefit. If wind speeds are not favourable, 100% solar is a better choice
Electrochemical Behaviour of Re-casting NiCr and CoCr non-precious
ADTYA, A. V., ARORA, H. S. & MUKHRJEE, S.
Abstract
The characteristics are imputed to few crystal defects and corresponding homogenous structure. Hence, bulk metallic glasses have gained great consideration towards them as a structural and functional material in the field of aviation, machinery industries, engineering and medicines as well. But in BMGs, low homogenous plastic deformability limits widespread application. For the problems appeared through the structural changes of metallic glasses their composites and bulk metallic glass composite especially acted as the solution for that problem. To improve ductility and consequently to restrict shear band propagation, the in-situ technique produces crystal phase, spread in matrixes
Metallic glasses possess exceptional corrosion resistance which is chiefly ascribed to the chemistry of alloy, homogeneous single glass phase and the metalloids existence. The non-existence of dislocations, grain boundaries and other imperfections allow the corrosion to grow as a uniform protective layer. The fast cooling rates produced chemical homogeneity which is also required to form fully amorphous structure as sufficient time for solid-state diffusion is not available and the formation of precipitation, second phases and segregations is not possible. The chemical composition homogeneity and microstructural homogeneity stimulates formation of amorphous oxide on surface which impedes the transportation of ions
Atomic orders absence results in many significant properties like mechanical, physical and chemical as compared to their conventional corresponding materials. Alloy glass-forming ability (GFA) is actually stated as the ability of its production with ease in amorphous shape from the liquid state by cooling. The higher value of GFA specifies a comparatively lower requirement of rate of cooling and a subsequent extreme or critical diameter (dc) while they are casting into the Cu mold. The integral deficiency of dislocations in bulk metallic glasses and therefore slip planes, result into remarkably higher strength and flexibility, impending the theoretical limit. Whereas the ceramics and oxide glasses display lower toughness and brittle fracture, and bulk metallic glasses exhibit toughness equivalent to the crystalline materials
Nogueira, H Luiz M
Abstract
These extraordinary features and performance have grown substantial interest in bulk metallic glasses as engineering materials from the previous two decades, but theirs potential use that has been studied as biomaterial is a recent application. The alloys of Co-Cr-Mo have wide range of application as orthopedic implants because of their great corrosion properties and biocompatibility with human body together with excellent mechanical resistance. The corrosion properties are because of the development of protective passive film generally comprise of Cr oxides. Ti-based metallic glass from conventional titanium alloy with great corrosion resistance, small Young’s modulus and great yield strength is used for biomaterial applications, and characteristically have greater corrosion resistance than Ti alloys in physiological conditions. The addition of minor elements such as Niobium, Zirconium and Copper will alter the corrosion activities of Ti-MG. Niobium introduction increase resistance of pitting corrosion because of enhancement in passive film properties of close homogenous alloy.
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